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A
Partial List of Martyrs Who Died For the Cause
The Murder
0f Emmett Till
The Murders of 3 Civil Rights
Workers in 1964
A Partial List of Martyrs Who Died
for the Cause
This is just a partial list of some of the courageous people who were killed in the Civil Rights
Movement during the 1950s and 1960s. These brave men and women are the ones who truly died for freedom and the
American way of life. It is not my intent to denigrate the brave men and women in the military who fight and die in
wars in far-off lands, or even here in the United States; but are they truly fighting and dying for freedom here in
the U.S.? In my opinion, absolutely not! They are merely doing what they are told to do, with the knowledge that
there is a possibility they might lose their lives. Civil rights workers, and other freedom-loving peoples just like
them in other countries, are the ones truly involved in the fight for freedom. They are the real patriots.
Oftentimes they do not have the support of their country, or fellow citizens - i.e. supporters of George W. Bush
and his ilk - who would not know true patriots, or freedom, even if a true patriot came up and bit them on the ass.
REV. GEORGE LEE, one of the
first black people registered to vote in Humphreys County, used his pulpit and his printing press to urge others to vote.
White officials offered Lee protection on the condition he end his voter registration efforts, but Lee refused and was murdered.
MAY 7, 1955 -- Belzoni, Miss.
LAMAR SMITH was shot dead on the courthouse lawn by a white man in broad daylight while dozens
of people watched. The killer was never indicted because no one would admit they saw a white man shoot a black man. Smith
had organized blacks to vote in a recent election. AUGUST 13, 1955 -- Brookhaven, Miss.
Emmit Till
flirted with a white woman in a store. That night, two men took Till from his bed, beat him, shot him, and dumped his body
in the Tallahatchie River. An all-white jury found the men innocent of murder. AUGUST 28, 1955 -- Money, Miss.
JOHN
EARL REESE, 16, was dancing in a café when white men fired shots into the windows. Reese was killed and two
others were wounded. The shootings were part of an attempt by whites to terrorize blacks into giving up plans for a new school.
OCTOBER 22, 1955 -- Mayflower,
Tx.
WILLIE EDWARDS JR., a truck driver, was on his way to work when he was stopped by four Klansmen.
The men thought Edwards was another man who they believed was dating a white woman. They forced Edwards at gunpoint to jump
off a bridge into the Alabama River. Edwards body was found three months later. His killers never went to trial. JANUARY 23,
1957 -- Montgomery, Ala.
MACK CHARLES PARKER, 23, was accused of raping a white woman. Three
days before his case was set for trial, a masked mob took him from his jail cell, beat him, shot him, and threw him in the
Pearl River. The community generally approved of the lynching, and the men were never convicted. APRIL 25, 1959 -- Poplarville,
Miss.
HERBERT LEE, who worked with civil rights leader Bob Moses to help register black voters,
was killed by a state legislator who claimed self-defense and was never arrested. Louis Allen, a black man who witnessed the
murder, was also killed. SEPTEMBER
25, 1961 -- Liberty, Miss.
CPL. ROMAN DUCKSWORTH JR., a military police officer stationed in
Maryland, was on leave to visit his sick wife when he was ordered off a bus in by a police officer and shot dead. The police
officer may have mistaken Ducksworth for a "freedom rider" who was testing bus desegregation laws. APRIL 9, 1962
-- Taylorsville, Miss.
PAUL GUIHARD, a reporter for a French news service, was killed by gunfire
from a white mob during protests over the admission of James Meredith to the University of Mississippi. SEPTEMBER 30, 1962
-- Oxford, Miss.
WILLIAM LEWIS MOORE, a postman
from Baltimore, was shot and killed during a one-man march against segregation. Moore had planned to deliver a letter to the
governor of Mississippi urging an end to intolerance. APRIL 23, 1963 -- Attalla, Ala.
MEDGAR EVERS,
who directed NAACP operations in Mississippi, was leading a campaign for integration in Jackson when he was shot and killed
by a sniper at his home.
JUNE
12, 1963 -- Jackson, Miss.
ADDIE MAE COLLINS, DENISE MCNAIR, CAROLE ROBERTSON and CYNTHIA WESLEY
were getting ready for church services when a bomb exploded at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, killing all four of the
school-age girls. The church had been a center for civil rights meetings and marches. SEPTEMBER 15, 1963 -- Birmingham, Ala.
VIRGIL LAMAR WARE, 13, was riding on the handlebars of his brother's bicycle when he was
fatally shot by white teenagers. The white youths had come from a segregationist rally held in the aftermath of the Sixteenth
Street Baptist Church bombing. SEPTEMBER
15, 1963 -- Birmingham, Ala.
JOHNNIE MAE CHAPPELL, who cleaned houses to help support her family,
was shot by four white men as she searched for a lost wallet along a roadside. The murder occurred during an outbreak of racial
violence in downtown Jacksonville. MARCH
23, 1964 -- Jacksonville, Florida
LOUIS ALLEN, who witnessed the murder of civil rights worker
Herbert Lee, endured years of threats, jailings and harassment. He was making final arrangements to move North on the day
he was killed. APRIL 7, 1964 -- Liberty, Miss.
REV. BRUCE KLUNDER was among civil rights activists
who protested the building of a segregated school by placing their bodies in the way of construction equipment. Klunder was
crushed to death when a bulldozer backed over him. APRIL
7, 1964 -- Cleveland, Ohio
HENRY HEZEKIAH DEE and CHARLES EDDIEMOORE were killed by Klansmen
who believed the two were part of a plot to arm blacks in the area. (There was no such plot.) Their bodies were found during
a massive search for the missing civil rights workers Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner. MAY 2, 1964 -- Meadville, Miss.
JAMES EARL CHANEY, ANDREW GOODMAN, and MICHAEL HENRY SCHWERNER, young civil rights workers, were
arrested by a deputy sheriff and then released into the hands of Klansmen who had plotted their murders. They were shot, and
their bodies were buried in an earthen dam. JUNE 21, 1964 -- Philadelphia, Miss.
LT. COL. LEMUEL PENN,
a Washington, D.C. educator, was driving home from the U.S. Army Reserves training when he was shot and killed by Klansmen
in a passing car.
JULY 11, 1964 -- Colbert, Ga.
JIMMIE LEE JACKSON was beaten and shot
by state troopers as he tried to protect his grandfather and mother from a trooper attack on civil rights marchers. His death
led to the Selma-Montgomery march and the eventual passage of the Voting Rights Act.
FEBRUARY 26, 1965 -- Marion, Ala.
REV. JAMES REEB, a Unitarian minister from
Boston, was among many white clergyman who joined the Selma marchers after the attack by state troopers at the Edmund Pettus
Bridge. Reeb was beaten to death by white men while he walked down a Selma street. MARCH 11, 1965 -- Selma, Ala.
VIOLA GREG LIUZZO, a housewife and mother from Detroit, drove alone to Alabama to help with the Selma march
after seeing televised reports of the attack at the Edmund Pettus Bridge. She was driving marchers back to Selma from Montgomery
when she was shot and killed by a Klansmen in a passing car. MARCH 25, 1965 -- Selma Highway, Ala.
ONEAL
MOORE was one of two black deputies hired by white officials in an attempt to appease civil rights demands. Moore
and his partner Creed Rogers were on patrol when they were blasted with gunfire from a passing car. Moore was killed and Rogers
was wounded. JUNE 2, 1965 -- Bogalusa, La.
WILLIE BREWSTER was on his way home from work when
he was shot and killed by white men. The men belonged to the National States Rights Party, a violent neo-Nazi group whose
members had been involved in church bombings and murders of blacks.
JULY 18, 1965 -- Anniston, Ala.
JONATHAN
MYRICK DANIELS, an Episcopal Seminary student in Boston, had come to Alabama to help with black voter registration
in Lowndes County. He was arrested at a demonstration, jailed in Hayneville and then suddenly released. Moments after his
release, he was shot to death by a deputy sheriff. AUGUST 20, 1965 -- Hayneville, Ala.
SAMUEL LEAMON YOUNGE
JR., a student civil rights activist, was fatally shot by a white gas station owner following an argument over segregated
restrooms.
JANUARY 3, 1966 -- Tuskeegee, Ala.
VERNON FERDINAND DAHMER, a wealthy businessman,
offered to pay poll taxes for those who couldn't afford the fee required to vote. The night after a radio station broadcasted
Dahmer's offer, his home was firebombed. Dahmer died later from severe burns. JANUARY 10, 1966 -- Hattiesburg, Miss.
BEN CHESTER WHITE, who had worked most of his life as a caretaker on a plantation, had no involvement
in civil rights work. He was murdered by Klansmen who thought they could divert attention from a civil rights march by killing
a black person. JUNE 10, 1966 -- Natchez, Miss.
CLARENCE TRIGGS was a bricklayer who had attended
civil rights meetings sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality. He was found dead on a roadside, shot through the head.
Whites were arrested but never convicted of the murder. JULY 30, 1966 -- Bogalusa, La.
WHARLEST JACKSON,
the treasurer of his local NAACP chapter, was one of many blacks who received threatening Klan notices at his job. After Jackson
was promoted to a position previously reserved for whites, a bomb was planted in his car. It exploded minutes after he left
work one day, killing him instantly.
FEBRUARY 27, 1967 -- Natchez, Miss.
BENJAMIN BROWN, a former civil rights
organizer, was watching a student protest from the sidelines when he was hit by stray gunshots from police who fired into
the crowd. MAY 12, 1967 -- Jackson, Miss.
SAMUEL EPHESIANS HAMMOND, JR., DELANO HERMAN MIDDLETON
and HENRY EZEKIAL SMITH were shot and killed by police who fired on student demonstrators at the South Carolina State
College campus. FEBRUARY
8, 1968 -- Orangeburg, S.C.
DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR., a Baptist minister, was a major architect
of the civil rights movement. He led and inspired major non- violent desegregation campaigns, including those in Montgomery
and Birmingham. He won the Nobel Peace Prize. He was assassinated as he prepared to lead a demonstration in Memphis.
Copyright 2005 by PENN LLC. All rights reserved. Go ahead
and forward this, in its entirety, to others.
The Murder of
Emmett Till
Fourteen-year-old Emmett Till was excited about his trip from his home in Chicago's south
side to the Mississippi, Delta to visit relatives. Prior to his departure, his mother, Mamie Till Bradley, a teacher, had
done her best to advise him about how to behave when interacting with white people. Till's mother understood that in Mississippi
race relations were a lot different than in Chicago. In Mississippi, over 500 blacks had been lynched since 1882, and racially
motivated murders were not unfamiliar, especially in the Delta where Till was going. Racial tensions were also on the rise
after the United States Supreme Court's 1954 decision in ‘Brown v. Board of Education’ to end segregation
in schools. Two blacks had recently been murdered for registering black voters. Furthermore, the Ku Klux Klan and other white
supremacy groups began working to maintain life as they knew it. With his mother's warning and wearing the ring that had belonged to his deceased father, on August 20, 1955,
Till setoff with his cousin Curtis Jones on the train to Mississippi. When Till and Jones arrived on August 21, they stayed
at the home of Till's great-uncle, Mose Wright, which was on the outskirts of Money, Mississippi. On August 24, the boys drove Wright's car into the small town of Money, and
stopped at Bryant's Grocery store to buy some candy. Prior to entering the store, Till pulled out some pictures of his
white friends in Chicago, and showed them to some local boys outside of the store. The boys dared Till to talk to Carolyn
Bryant, the store clerk. Till went into the store, purchased some candy, and what happened as he was leaving is unclear. Till
either said, "Bye, baby" or he whistled at Carolyn Bryant. Neither Till nor Jones understood the magnitude of Till's act so they did not tell Mose Wright what had happened.
They continued to think nothing of the event as three days passed without incident. However, on the fourth day, early Sunday
morning, Roy Bryant, Carolyn's husband, and J. W. Milam, Roy's half-brother, knocked on the door of Wright's home.
With a pistol and flashlight in hand, they asked Mose Wright whether three boys from Chicago were staying with him. Wright
led them to the room where Till was sleeping, and the men told Till to get dressed. Wright unsuccessfully pleaded with them
to just whip Till. As they were leaving, they threatened Wright that if he told anyone they would kill him. Several hours later, Mamie Till was notified of her son's kidnapping. A search
of the area was conducted, and Mamie Till notified Chicago newspapers of her son's disappearance. Wright told Money's
sheriff who had taken Till, and he arrested Bryant and Milam for kidnapping. Three days later, Till's body was discovered in the Tallahatchie River. Its was weighted down by a seventy-five
pound cotton gin fan that was tied around Till's neck with barbed wire. His face was so mutilated that when Wright identified
the body, he could only do so based on the ring that Till had been wearing. While Mamie Till experienced difficulty in getting her son's body sent to Chicago, when it finally arrived, she
made the decision to have an open casket funeral. Mamie wanted the world to know what had happened to her son. His right eye
was missing, his nose was broken, and there was a hole on the side of his head. Fifty thousand people attended the funeral.
Jet magazine ran photos of Till's body. Soon Till's murder became an international story. Meanwhile, Milam and Bryant had garnered support. Whites in their community claimed that they were innocent, and
supported their defense financially. The trial began on September
19, 1955 in Sumner, Mississippi. The jury was composed of all white men who were from the defendants' home county. Their
defense was that the body recovered from the river was not Till's body. Milam and Bryant claimed that they had taken Till
but had let him go. Instead, they alleged that the NAACP and Mamie Till had dug up a body and claimed that it was Till. According
to their defense, Till was hiding out in Chicago. Finding witnesses
was difficult for the prosecution. It was dangerous for a black person to testify, so those who knew anything were reluctant
to come forward. However, white and black reporters and the NAACP were able to find witnesses against the defendants. Willie
Reed testified on the stand in barely a whisper, that he had seen Bryant, Milam, and another man with Till. Further, he testified
that he heard screaming coming from the Milam's barn. When Milam came out of the barn with a .45 on his hip, Milam asked
Reed if he saw anything, and Reed said no. Mose Wright had decided from the beginning that he was going to testify. When Wright
took the stand, he testified that Milam and Bryant were the men that had taken Till at gunpoint. After Reed and Wright testified,
they were quickly escorted out of Mississippi by the NAACP. Testimony
also came from Mamie Till. She testified that the body she buried was her son, Emmett Till. Neither Milam nor Bryant testified.
The trial lasted five days. In the defenses closing argument,
Milam and Bryant's attorney forewarned the jury about convicting the defendants: "Your ancestors will turn over in
their grave, and I'm sure every last Anglo-Saxon one of you has the courage to free these men." The jury deliberated
for 67 minutes, which according to one juror, was only because they stopped to drink soda. The jury found Milam and Bryant
not guilty. The jury concluded that the prosecution had failed to prove that the body recovered from the river was Emmett
Till. On January 24, 1956, Look magazine published
the confession of Milam and Bryant, who had agreed to tell their story for $4000. According to their confession, they beat
Till with a .45 in Milam's barn. They then put him back in the truck and took him to the Tallahatchie River where they
had him undress and then shot him. They then tied a gin fan around his neck with wire in order to weigh the body down. Then
they proceeded to burn Till's clothes and shoes. Milam and Bryant were never charged with other crimes for murdering Till.
After the trial, blacks boycotted the Bryants' store, which
forced them out of business. Both Milam and Bryant remained in Mississippi, and Milam died of cancer in 1980 and Bryant died
of cancer in 1990. The murder of Emmett Till was a shocking
example to the world of the danger, inequality, and prejudice that blacks faced. However, Till's murder helped spur the
civil rights movement. It was only one hundred days after Till's death that Rosa Parks refused to sit in the back of the
bus.
Unknown author or copyright.
Used without permission, but with the best of intentions.
The
Murders of 3 Civil Rights Workers in 1964
The convictions regarding the murders in Mississippi
in 1964 have finally brought some justice to one of the darker moments in American history. In an effort to bring original
source material, the following is a signed statement that was given to the FBI.
- Denis Mueller
The following is a signed statement, which was furnished by HORACE DOYLE BARNETTE on November 20,
1964: Springhill, La. Nov. 20, 1964
"I, Horace Doyle Barnette, do hereby make this free and voluntary statement
to Special Agent Henry Rask and Special Agent James A. Wooten, who have identified themselves to me to be special agents of
the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Special Agent Henry Rask have informed me that I do not have to make a statement,
that any statement made by me can be used against me in a court of law and that I am entitled to consult with an attorney
before making this statement and that if I can not afford an attorney and I am required to appear in court, the court will
appoint one for me. That no force, threats or promises were made to induce me to make this statement. I presently reside at Cullen, La. I am 26 years old and was born on September 11, 1938, at Plain Dealing,
La. "On June 21, 1964 about 8:00 P.M., I was having supper at Jimmy Arledge's house, Meridian, Mississippi. Travis
Barnette called Arledge on the telephone and told Arledge that the Klan had a job and wanted to know if Arledge and I could
go. Arledge asked me if I could go and we went to Akins trailer park on Highway 80 in Meridian, Miss. We did not know what
the job was. "Upon arriving at Akins trailer park we were met by Preacher Killen, Mr. Akins, Jim Jordan and
Wayne. I do not know Wayne's last name, but I do know his brother is a police officer in Meridian, Miss. Killen told us
that three civil rights workers were in jail in Philadelphia, Miss., and that these three civil rights workers were going
to be released from jail and that we were going to catch them and give them a whipping. We were given brown cloth gloves and
my car was filled with gas from Mr. Akin's gas tank. Jim Snowden, who works for Troy Laundry in Meridian came to Akins
trailer park, too. Arledge, Snowden, and Jordan got into my car and we drove to Philadelphia. Killen and Wayne left before
we did and we were told that we would meet him there. Killen had a 1962 or 1961 white Buick. When we arrived
in Philadelphia, about 9:30 P.M., we met Killen and he got into my car and directed me where to park and wait for someone
to tell us when the three civil rights workers were being released from jail. While we were talking, Killen stated that 'we
have a place to bury them, and a man to run the dozer to cover them up.' This was the first time I realized that the three
civil rights workers were to be killed. About 5 or 10 minutes after we parked, a patrolman from Philadelphia
came to the car and said that 'they are going toward Meridian on Highway 19.' We proceeded out Highway 19 and caught
up to a Mississippi State Patrol Car, who pulled into a store on the left hand side of the road. We pulled along side of the
patrol car and then another car from Philadelphia pulled in between us. I was driving a 1957 Ford, 4 door, 2 tone blue bearing
Louisiana license. The Philadelphia car was a 1958 Chevrolet, 2 door and color maroon. It also had a dent on front right hand
fender next to the light. No one got out of the cars, but the driver of the Philadelphia car, who I later learned was named
Posey, talked to the patrolmen. Posey then drove away and we followed.
About 2 or 3 miles down the Highway Posey's
car stopped and pulled off on the right hand side of the road. Posey motioned for me to go ahead. I then drove fast and caught
up to the car that the three civil rights workers were in, pulled over to the side of the road and stopped. About a minute
or 2 later, Deputy Sheriff Price came along and stopped on the pavement beside my car. Jordan asked him who was going to stop
them and Price said that he would and took after them and we followed. The Civil Rights workers turned off Highway 19 on to
a side road and drove about a couple of miles before Price stopped them. Price stopped his car behind the 1963 Ford Fairlane
Station Wagon driven by the Civil Rights Workers and we stopped behind Price's car.
Price was driving a 1956
Chevrolet, 2 door and 2 tone blue in color. Price stated 'I thought you were going back to Meridian if we let you out
of jail.' The Civil Rights Workers stated that they were and Price asked them why they were taking the long way around.
Price told them to get out and get into his car. They got out of their car and proceeded to get into Price's car and then
Price took his blackjack and struck Chaney on the back of the head.
"At the junction of Highway 19 and where
we turned off, I had let Arledge out of the car to signal the fellows in the Philadelphia car. We then turned around and proceeded
back toward Philadelphia. The first car to start back was Price and he had Jim Jordan in the front seat with him and the three
civil rights workers in the back seat. I followed next and picked up Arledge at the junction of Highway 19.
Snowden
drove the 1963 Ford, belonging to the Civil Rights Workers. When we came to Posey's car Price and Snowden pulled over
to the left side of the Highway and stopped in front of Posey's car. I stopped behind it. Wayne and Posey and the other
men from Philadelphia got into the 1963 Ford and rode with Snowden. I do not know how many men were from Philadelphia. Price
then started first and I pulled in behind him and Snowden driving the 1963 Ford came last. I followed Price down Highway 19
and he turned left on to a gravel road. About a mile up the road he stopped and Snowden and I stopped behind him, with about
a car length between each car. Before I could get out of the car Wayne ran past my car to Price's car, opened the left
rear door, pulled Schwerner out of the car, spun him around so that Schwerner was standing on the left side of the road, with
his back to the ditch and said 'Are you that nigger lover' and Schwerner said 'Sir, I know just how you feel.'
Wayne had a pistol in his right hand, then shot Schwerner. Wayne then went back to Price's car and got Goodman, took him
to the left side of the road with Goodman facing the road, and shot Goodman.
"When Wayne shot Schwerner,
Wayne had his hand on Schwerner's shoulder. When Wayne shot Goodman, Wayne was standing within reach of him. Schwerner
fell to the left so that he was laying alongside the road. Goodman spun around and fell back toward the bank in back.
"At this time Jim Jordan said 'save one for me.' He then got out of Price's car and got Chaney out.
I remember Chaney backing up, facing the road, and standing on the bank on the other side of the ditch and Jordan stood in
the middle of the road and shot him. I do not remember how many times Jordan shot. Jordan then said. 'You didn't leave
me anything but a nigger, but at least I killed me a nigger.' The three civil
rights workers were then put into the back of their 1963 Ford wagon. I do not know who put the bodies in the car, but I only
put Chaney's foot inside the car, Price then got into his car and drove back toward Highway 19. Wayne, Posey and Jordan
then got into the 1963 Ford and started up the road. Snowden, Arledge and another person who I do not know the name of got
into my car and we followed. I do not know the roads we took, but went through the outskirts of Philadelphia and to the Dam
site on Burrage's property. When we arrived at the Dam site someone said that the bulldozer operator was not there and
Wayne, Arledge and I went in my car to find him. We drove out to a paved road and about a mile down the road.
"We
saw a 1957 Chevrolet, white and green, parked on the left side of the road. Wayne told me to stop and we backed up to this
car. Burrage and 2 other men were in the car. Wayne said that they were already down there and Burrage said to follow them.
I followed the 1957 Chevrolet back toward the Dam site, taking a different road, until the Chevrolet stopped. Burrage said
'it is just a little ways over there,' and Wayne and the bulldozer operator walked
the rest of the way. The bulldozer operator was about 40 years old, 6 ft - 2 inches tall, slim built and a white male. He was wearing
khaki clothes. Arledge and I then followed Burrage and the other man back to Burrage's garage. The other man was a white
male, about 40 years old, 5 feet 8 or 9 inches tall, stocky built. Burrage's garage is on the road toward Philadelphia
and he had tractors and trailer parked there. His house is across the road.
"We were there about 30 minutes
when the other fellows came from the dam site in the 1963 Ford. Burrage got a glass gallon jug and filled it with gasoline
to be used to burn the 1963 Ford car owned by the three civil rights workers. Burrage took one of the diesel trucks from under
a trailer and said 'I will use this to pick you up, no one will suspect a truck on the road this time at night.' It
was then about 1:00 to 1:30 in the morning. Snowden, Arledge, Jordan, Wayne and I then got into my car and we drove back toward
Philadelphia. When we got to Philadelphia a city patrol car stopped us and we got out. Sheriff Rainey, Deputy Sheriff Price
and the City Patrolman, who told us which way the civil rights workers were leaving town, got out of the patrol car. The patrolman
was a white male, about 50 years old, 5 feet 8 to 9 inches, 160 lbs., and was wearing a uniform. This was about 2:00,AM.,
June 22, 1964. 1 do not know his name, but I have met him before and would know him again.
"We talked for
2 or 3 minutes and then someone said that we better not talk about this and Sheriff Rainey said 'I'll kill anyone
who talks, even if it was my own brother.' We then got back into my car and drove back to Meridian and passed Posey's
car which was still parked along side the road. We did not stop and there was one or two men standing by Posey's car.
We then kept going to Meridian. I took Wayne home, left Jordan and Snowden at Akins Mobile Homes, took Arledge home and went
home myself. I have read the above Statement, consisting of this and 9 other pages and they are true and correct to the best
of my knowledge and belief. I have signed my initials to the bottom of the first 9 pages and initial mistakes. No force, threats
or promises were made to induce me to make this statement."
Signed,
Horace Doyle Barnette.
Witnessed:
Henry Rask, Special Agent, FBI Nov. 20, 1964
James A. Wooten, Special Agent, FBI, New Orleans, La.
11-20-64 Copyright 2005 by PENN
LLC. All rights reserved. Go ahead and forward this, in its entirety, to others.
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